Philosophy 106: Essay Topics 2

What is the basis for Hobbes’ conception of the state of nature?  Do you agree with Hobbes that we are all essentially selfish?  Is there anything wrong with selfishness?  If human behavior is dictated primarily by fear, what does this do to any sense of a genuine (as opposed to a merely conventional) morality?

Why does Hume believe that morality is not derived from reason?  What are the factors that determine the approbation or blame of our moral sense?  How is this sense related to general utility?  Do you believe that morality loses its absolute character if it is reducible to feelings?  Why or why not?

Kant argues that the fact that we desire happiness does not obligate us to attain it.  Do you agree or disagree?  Give reasons!  According to Kant, where does moral obligation come from?  What distinguishes the categorical imperative from hypothetical imperatives and “the golden rule”?

Explain what Kant means by “freedom.”  How does Kant’s conception of freedom relate to his distinction between things-as-appearances and things-in-themselves?  Kant believes that the idea of morality requires that we are free.  Do you agree or disagree?  Give reasons!

Mill argues that the maximization of happiness/pleasure is equivalent to “the good.”  The “scapegoat problem” seems to present a counter-example.  How might Mill address this problem?  Do you find his solution convincing?  Why or why not?

According to Mill, what is the ultimate source of the sentiment of justice?  From where does it derive its intensity?  How does this relate to the issue of punishment?  Do you think punishment is ever justifiable in a moral system aimed at maximizing happiness?  Why or why not?